{"id":159,"date":"2020-07-16T17:36:42","date_gmt":"2020-07-16T15:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ailaw.news\/?p=159"},"modified":"2020-07-16T17:36:42","modified_gmt":"2020-07-16T15:36:42","slug":"czy-roboty-staja-sie-coraz-bardziej-podobne-do-ludzi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/czy-roboty-staja-sie-coraz-bardziej-podobne-do-ludzi\/","title":{"rendered":"Czy roboty staj\u0105 si\u0119 coraz bardziej podobne do ludzi?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">Robots are becoming more and more like humans<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>[ENG\/PL]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Wbrew powszechnemu przekonaniu <strong>neurony<\/strong> m\u00f3zgowe nie s\u0105 najwa\u017cniejszym elementem potrzebnym do funkcjonowania m\u00f3zgu, ani nie s\u0105 jedyn\u0105 kom\u00f3rk\u0105 mog\u0105c\u0105 przetwarza\u0107 i uczy\u0107 si\u0119 nowych informacji. Niedawno odkryto, \u017ce inna kom\u00f3rka m\u00f3zgowa \u2013 <strong>astrocyt<\/strong> \u2013 znajduj\u0105ca si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy neuronami, pe\u0142ni jeszcze wa\u017cniejsze funkcje w m\u00f3zgu. Odgrywa ona kluczow\u0105 rol\u0119 w uczeniu si\u0119 i w centralnym generatorze wzorca (central pattern generation &#8211; CPG), odpowiedzialnym np. za oddychanie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Astrocyty<\/strong>, czyli kom\u00f3rki glejowe o gwie\u017adzistym kszta\u0142cie, kt\u00f3re swego czasu uwa\u017cane by\u0142y jedynie za podpor\u0119 neuron\u00f3w w m\u00f3zgu, ci\u0105gle wzbudzaj\u0105 zamieszanie w neuronauce. Ich pozytywne funkcje obejmuj\u0105 utrzymanie przep\u0142ywu krwi w m\u00f3zgu i wp\u0142yw na przewodnictwo synaptyczne, a negatywne mog\u0105 odkrywa\u0107 rol\u0119 w epilepsji i upo\u015bledzeniu umys\u0142owym<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Sztuczna inteligencja (SI) z regu\u0142y wyposa\u017cona jest przez naukowc\u00f3w w struktur\u0119 neuron\u00f3w podobnych do ludzkich, dotychczas nie zauwa\u017cono potencja\u0142u tkwi\u0105cego w astrocytach. <strong>Naukowcy z Rutgers University<\/strong> zdaj\u0105c sobie spraw\u0119 z brak\u00f3w w tym zakresie, zacz\u0119li pracowa\u0107 nad stworzeniem algorytm\u00f3w na kszta\u0142t ludzkiego m\u00f3zgu, nie tylko uznaj\u0105cych nadrz\u0119dne dzia\u0142anie neuron\u00f3w, ale tak\u017ce doceniaj\u0105c rol\u0119 astrocyt\u00f3w. Ich podej\u015bcie zaprezentowane b\u0119dzie na konferencji ICONS 2020 w lipcu, a prac\u0119 na ten temat mo\u017cna przeczyta\u0107 <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.04765\" target=\"_blank\">tu<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.04765\">.<\/a> Naukowcy chc\u0105 obali\u0107 mit, \u017ce struktura m\u00f3zgu, kt\u00f3r\u0105 wykorzystuje si\u0119 zazwyczaj w systemach SI nie jest to\u017csama ze struktur\u0105 neuronaln\u0105. Inne kom\u00f3rki odgrywaj\u0105 r\u00f3wnie znacz\u0105c\u0105 rol\u0119. Zaprezentowane podej\u015bcie zak\u0142ada, \u017ce neurony i astrocyty wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuj\u0105 razem. M\u00f3zg jest skomplikowanym organem, w kt\u00f3rym kom\u00f3rki musz\u0105 wsp\u00f3\u0142dzia\u0142a\u0107 razem, by m\u00f3g\u0142 funkcjonowa\u0107. Wykorzystanie tylko niekt\u00f3rych kom\u00f3rek do system\u00f3w SI mo\u017ce nie dawa\u0107 tak spektakularnych rezultat\u00f3w, jak wzi\u0119cie pod uwag\u0119 wszystkich znanych kom\u00f3rek wyst\u0119puj\u0105cych w m\u00f3zgu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Naukowcy skupili si\u0119 najpierw na tym, co dzieje si\u0119 w \u015brodku astrocyt\u00f3w, kiedy komunikuj\u0105 si\u0119 z neuronami, odbieraj\u0105cymi i wysy\u0142aj\u0105cymi impulsy nerwowe. Nast\u0119pnie wykorzystali ten model dzia\u0142ania jako podstaw\u0119 do budowania <strong>sieci neuronowo-astrocytarnych<\/strong>, kt\u00f3re nast\u0119pnie zosta\u0142y wbudowane w uk\u0142ady scalone, kt\u00f3re mog\u0105 kontrolowa\u0107 roboty. W swoich ostatnich badaniach wykorzystali oni neuromorficzne chipy opracowane przez Intela &#8211; <strong>Loihi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">W tym systemie, funkcje robot\u00f3w wy\u0142aniaj\u0105 si\u0119 w spos\u00f3b naturalny z interakcji pomi\u0119dzy sztucznymi neuronami i astrocytami. Dlatego te\u017c struktura i funkcjonowanie tych system\u00f3w r\u00f3\u017cni si\u0119 znacznie od algorytm\u00f3w uczenia si\u0119, kt\u00f3re koncentruj\u0105 si\u0119 wy\u0142\u0105cznie na neuronach i nie wykorzystuj\u0105 w pe\u0142ni aktualnej wiedzy o dzia\u0142aniu m\u00f3zgu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Zazwyczaj chipy neuromorficzne s\u0105 wykorzystywane do realizacji prostych modeli neuron\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re odtwarzaj\u0105 tylko cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 aktywno\u015bci kom\u00f3rek w ludzkim m\u00f3zgu. Naukowcy z Rutgers, jako jedni z pierwszych z powodzeniem stworzyli przy pomocy neuromorficznego chipa neurony zdolne do bardziej z\u0142o\u017conych zachowa\u0144. Sw\u00f3j model zaprezentowali do kontrolowania chodzenia sze\u015bcionogiego robota. System przez nich stworzony osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0142 niezwyk\u0142e rezultaty, pozwalaj\u0105c robotowi na sprawne poruszanie si\u0119 z r\u00f3\u017cnymi pr\u0119dko\u015bciami bez oddzia\u0142ywania na niego przez zewn\u0119trzne zaburzenia sensoryczne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Konstantinos Michmizos, adiunkt w dziale informatyki Uniwersytetu w Rutgers i g\u0142\u00f3wny badacz projektu, stwierdzi\u0142, \u017ce m\u00f3zg jest jedynym organem nie do ko\u0144ca przez nas poznanym. Inteligencja m\u00f3zgu, a tak\u017ce jego choroby wynikaj\u0105 z interakcji mi\u0119dzy neuronami i astrocytami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Innowacyjne podej\u015bcie zaprezentowane przez naukowc\u00f3w da prawdopodobnie nowe mo\u017cliwo\u015bci na zastosowanie SI. Zwi\u0119kszaj\u0105c zrozumienie, w jaki spos\u00f3b astrocyty dzia\u0142aj\u0105 w m\u00f3zgu, znajdowane s\u0105 nowe sposoby na wykorzystanie mocy obliczeniowej tych nieneuronalnych kom\u00f3rek w neuromorficznych modelach m\u00f3zgu i sprawiane jest, \u017ce roboty zachowuj\u0105 si\u0119 bardziej jak ludzie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>eng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Contrary to the popular belief, brain <strong>neurons<\/strong> are not the most important element needed for the brain to function, nor is it the only cell that can process and learn new information. Only recently it was discovered that another brain cell &#8211; <strong>astrocyte<\/strong> &#8211; located between the neurons has even more important functions in the brain. It plays a key role in learning and in the central pattern generator (CPG), responsible e.g. breathing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Astrocytes<\/strong>, i.e. star-shaped gliale cells, which were considered in the past to be merely a support for neurons in the brain, still cause confusion in neuroscience. Their positive functions include maintaining blood flow in the brain and influencing synaptic conduction, with the negative ones possibly discovering a role in epilepsy and mental retardation<sup>1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Artificial Intelligence (AI)<strong> is usually equipped by scientists with a human-like neural <\/strong>structure, and so far the potential inherent in astrocytes has not been noticed. <strong>Rutgers University scientists<\/strong>, aware of the shortcomings in this area, have started to work on creating algorithms shaped like the human brain, not only recognizing the superiority of neurons, but also appreciating the role of astrocytes. Their approach will be presented at the ICONS 2020 conference in July, and their work can be read <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2006.04765\" target=\"_blank\">tutaj<\/a>. Researchers want to dispel the myth that the brain structure typically used in AI systems is not identical to the neuronal structure. Other cells play an equally important role. This approach assumes that neurons and astrocytes can work together. The brain is a complex organ in each cell must work together to function. Using only some cells for AI systems may not give such spectacular results as taking into account all known cells in the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">First, scientists focused on what happens inside the astrocytes when they communicate with neurons that receive and send neural impulses. Then they used this model of operation as a basis for building <strong>neural-astrocytic networks,<\/strong> which were then built into integrated circuits that can control robots. In their recent research they used neuromorphic chips developed by Intel &#8211; Loihi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">In this system, the functions of the robots emerge naturally from the interaction between artificial neurons and astrocytes. Therefore, the structure and functioning of these systems is very different from learning algorithms that focus exclusively on neurons and do not make full use of the current knowledge about brain function.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">Typically, <strong>neuromorphic chips <\/strong>are used to make simple models of neurons that reproduce only part of the cell activity in the human brain. Rutgers scientists were among the first to successfully create neurons capable of more complex behaviors using a neuromorphic chip. They presented their model to control the walking of a six-legged robot. The system created by them achieved extraordinary results, allowing the robot to move smoothly at different speeds without being affected by external sensory disorders.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\"><strong>Konstantinos Michmizos<\/strong>, assistant professor in the department of computer science at Rutgers University and chief researcher of the project, stated that the brain is the only organ we don&#8217;t quite know. Intelligence of the brain and its diseases result from the interaction between neurons and astrocytes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The innovative approach presented by researchers is likely to provide new opportunities for the use of the AI. By increasing understanding of how astrocytes work in the brain, new ways are found to harness the computational power of these non-neural cells in neuromorphic brain models and make robots behave more like humans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-size:10px;\">[1] http:\/\/laboratoria.net\/aktualnosci\/25940.html<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robots are becoming more and more like humans [ENG\/PL] Wbrew powszechnemu przekonaniu neurony m\u00f3zgowe nie s\u0105 najwa\u017cniejszym elementem potrzebnym do funkcjonowania m\u00f3zgu, ani nie s\u0105 jedyn\u0105 kom\u00f3rk\u0105 mog\u0105c\u0105 przetwarza\u0107 i uczy\u0107 si\u0119 nowych informacji. Niedawno odkryto, \u017ce inna kom\u00f3rka m\u00f3zgowa \u2013 astrocyt \u2013 znajduj\u0105ca si\u0119 mi\u0119dzy neuronami, pe\u0142ni jeszcze wa\u017cniejsze funkcje w m\u00f3zgu. Odgrywa ona [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[14,15,23],"class_list":["post-159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-general","tag-artificial-intelligence","tag-artificial-law","tag-robots"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=159"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/159\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ailaw.news\/pl\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}